What does unauthorized access refer to in the context of data security?

Unauthorized access in the context of data security refers to individuals gaining access to data or systems without proper authorization or permission. This type of access is considered a security breach and can lead to various risks, including data theft, loss of confidentiality, and potential damage to an organization's reputation or operations.

When someone accesses data without permission, they can manipulate, alter, or steal sensitive information—activities that pose significant threats to both personal privacy and organizational integrity. This concept is a fundamental aspect of data security, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding sensitive information from those who do not have the right to view or modify it.

The other choices do not accurately represent unauthorized access. Access by authorized personnel describes legitimate access, which isn’t unauthorized, while access to backup systems and public records typically involves scenarios where proper permissions and protocols are likely in place, rather than a breach of unauthorized access.